Developing and Assessing the Usability of a Visual Geometry Kit for Orthogonal Projection, Plan and Elevation

Nur Hamiza Adenan, Muhammad Arif Azmi, Nurhafizah Solihin, Nor Suriya Abd Karim, Siew Wei Tho, Eza Hamni Mohamad, Adib Mashuri

Abstract


This study aims to develop and evaluate the validity and usability of the Geometry Visualize Kit for the Form 3 topic of Plans and Elevations. Using the ADDIE Instructional Model, this Developmental Research Design (DRD) involved three experts for validation and 50 Form 3 students from a Kuala Lumpur school for usability testing. Data were analyzed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and descriptive statistics. Results show a CVI value of 1.00, indicating high validity and usability across constructs like usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and user satisfaction. The kit effectively supports students in understanding orthogonal projection, plans, and elevations of 2D and 3D shapes. It offers a practical teaching and learning alternative in mathematics, enhancing students' visualization skills and benefiting teachers in explaining these concepts.

Keywords


Kit, Orthogonal Projection, Plans and Elevations, Spatial Visualization Ability

References


C. Lin, Intellectual Development and Mathematics Learning. Springer Nature, 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-8757-1/COVER.

C. Xu, “Improving Mathematical Skills of Mathematics Education Students Through Integrated Use of Graphing Software and Programming Techniques,” Int. J. Educ. Humanit., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 13–24, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.58557/(IJEH).V5I1.277.

H. C. Gómez-Tone, J. Martin-Gutierrez, J. Bustamante-Escapa, and P. Bustamante-Escapa, “Spatial Skills and Perceptions of Space: Representing 2D Drawings as 3D Drawings inside Immersive Virtual Reality,” Appl. Sci. 2021, Vol. 11, Page 1475, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 1475, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/APP11041475.

B. Ramatsetse, I. Daniyan, K. Mpofu, and O. Makinde, “State of the art applications of engineering graphics and design to enhance innovative product design: a systematic review,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 119, pp. 699–709, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.PROCIR.2023.05.006.

B. Regassa Hunde and A. Debebe Woldeyohannes, “Future prospects of computer-aided design (CAD) – A review from the perspective of artificial intelligence (AI), extended reality, and 3D printing,” Results Eng., vol. 14, p. 100478, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.RINENG.2022.100478.

B. K. Chakrabarty, “Integrated Computer-Aided Design by Optimization: An Overview,” Integr. CAD by Optim., pp. 1–49, 2022, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-99306-1_1.

Y. Zhang, P. Wang, W. Jia, A. Zhang, and G. Chen, “Dynamic visualization by GeoGebra for mathematics learning: a meta-analysis of 20 years of research,” J. Res. Technol. Educ., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 437–458, 2023, doi: 10.1080/15391523.2023.2250886;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:UJRT20;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:UJRT18;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.

J. Schoenherr, A. R. Strohmaier, and S. Schukajlow, “Learning with visualizations helps: A meta-analysis of visualization interventions in mathematics education,” Educ. Res. Rev., vol. 45, p. 100639, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.EDUREV.2024.100639.

O. Niyibizi, “Visualization of Teaching Space Geometry Using GeoGebra in Upper Secondary Schools: A Review of Literature,” Educ. J. Technol. Innov., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.58197/PRBL/ECUU9628.

A. T. Ningsih, B. Handoyo, and O. A. Suciptaningsih, “Gender Differences in Students’ Spatial Abilities: A Systematic Literature Review Analysis in Educational Contexts,” J. Pendidik. Progresif, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 149–168, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.23960/JPP.V15I1.PP149-168.

S. Jablonski and M. Ludwig, “Teaching and Learning of Geometry—A Literature Review on Current Developments in Theory and Practice,” Educ. Sci. 2023, Vol. 13, Page 682, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 682, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/EDUCSCI13070682.

Y. Sun, Z. Yan, and B. Wu, “How differently designed guidance influences simulation-based inquiry learning in science education: A systematic review,” J. Comput. Assist. Learn., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 960–976, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1111/JCAL.12667;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:13652729;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.

A. S. Munna and M. A. Kalam, “Teaching and learning process to enhance teaching effectiveness: a literature review,” Int. J. Humanit. Innov., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–4, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.33750/IJHI.V4I1.102.

S. Y. Sari, F. R. Rahim, P. D. Sundari, and F. Aulia, “The importance of e-books in improving students’ skills in physics learning in the 21st century: a literature review,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2309, no. 1, p. 012061, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012061.

R. A. Liono, N. Amanda, A. Pratiwi, and A. A. S. Gunawan, “A Systematic Literature Review: Learning with Visual by The Help of Augmented Reality Helps Students Learn Better,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 179, pp. 144–152, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.PROCS.2020.12.019.

Y. K. Hui, M. F. A. Hanid, M. A. Z. M. Zakaria, M. N. H. M. Said, and M. I. Zakaria, “A Systematic Literature Review on Types of Augmented Reality (AR) Technologies and Learning Strategies for Problem-Solving,” Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 68–86, May 2024, doi: 10.26803/IJLTER.23.5.4.

E. M. Byrne, H. Jensen, B. S. Thomsen, and P. G. Ramchandani, “Educational interventions involving physical manipulatives for improving children’s learning and development: A scoping review,” Rev. Educ., vol. 11, no. 2, p. e3400, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1002/REV3.3400;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:20496613;WEBSITE:WEBSITE:BERA-JOURNALS;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.

R. Crandall and E. Karadoğan, “Designing Pedagogically Effective Haptic Systems for Learning: A Review,” Appl. Sci. 2021, Vol. 11, Page 6245, vol. 11, no. 14, p. 6245, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/APP11146245.

R. N. Farah, M. Tarmizee, K. A. Rahman, and R. L. Zuraida, “Orthogonal Projector Kit (OPK) as a new teaching aids with innovation ICT in teaching and learning 21st century,” J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 3S, pp. 338–344, May 2018, doi: 10.4314/jfas.v10i3s.29.

R. A. Wahab, A. H. Abdullah, M. Mokhtar, N. A. Atan, and M. S. Abu, “The Effects of Learning Strategy for 3-Dimensional Geometry Using “SketchUp Make” on Students’ Geometry Thinking,” Adv. Sci. Lett., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 4058–4062, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1166/ASL.2018.11541.

D. Ghazali and H. Sufean, Metodologi Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan: Amalan Dan Analisis Kajian., vol. 4878. 2016. Accessed: Apr. 26, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304502874_Metodologi_Penyelidikan_Dalam_Pendidikan_Amalan_dan_Analisis_Kajian

M. A. Adeoye, K. A. S. I. Wirawan, M. S. S. Pradnyani, and N. I. Septiarini, “Revolutionizing Education: Unleashing the Power of the ADDIE Model for Effective Teaching and Learning,” JPI (Jurnal Pendidik. Indones., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 202–209, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.23887/JPIUNDIKSHA.V13I1.68624.

K. Kruse, “Introduction to Instructional Design and the ADDIE Model,” 2002.

S. Raifman, M. A. DeVost, J. C. Digitale, Y.-H. Chen, and M. D. Morris, “Respondent-Driven Sampling: a Sampling Method for Hard-to-Reach Populations and Beyond,” Curr. Epidemiol. Reports 2022 91, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 38–47, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/S40471-022-00287-8.

Q. Wang and Y. Li, “How virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality facilitate teacher education: A systematic review,” J. Comput. Assist. Learn., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1276–1294, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1111/JCAL.12949;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:13652729;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER.

P. Lynch, N. Singal, and G. A. Francis, “Educational technology for learners with disabilities in primary school settings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review,” Educ. Rev., vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 405–431, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1080/00131911.2022.2035685.

D. F. Polit and C. T. Beck, “The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations,” Res. Nurs. Heal., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 489–497, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1002/NUR.20147,.

Riduwan, SKALA PENGUKURAN VARIABEL-VARIABEL PENELITIAN / Riduwan | Perpustakaan Universitas Bina Darma, 9th ed. Bandung : Alfabeta, 2012, 2012. Accessed: Apr. 26, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://perpustakaan.binadarma.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=7825

N. Arbin, W. M. A. Wan Azlan, and N. Kamarudin, “Development of ‘The Isometric Trio’ Kit of Form Two Translations Topic,” J. Sci. Math. Lett., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 22–31, May 2022, doi: 10.37134/JSML.VOL10.1.3.2022.

N. A. Mat Said, S. M. Bujang, N. A. Buang, H. H. Siraj Ramli, and M. N. Awang Besar, “Critical Thinking Transfer Practice Instrument: A Content Validity Calculation Steps Based on Expert Panel Evaluation,” Educ. Med. J., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 61–74, 2022, doi: 10.21315/EIMJ2022.14.3.5.

L. Hetmanenko, “The role of interactive learning in mathematics education: fostering student engagement and interest,” Multidiscip. Sci. J., vol. 6, pp. 2024ss0733-2024ss0733, May 2024, doi: 10.31893/MULTISCIENCE.2024SS0733.

J. Cao, D. F. Bucher, D. M. Hall, and J. Lessing, “Cross-phase product configurator for modular buildings using kit-of-parts,” Autom. Constr., vol. 123, p. 103437, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.AUTCON.2020.103437.

S. Gargrish, D. P. Kaur, A. Mantri, G. Singh, and B. Sharma, “Measuring effectiveness of augmented reality-based geometry learning assistant on memory retention abilities of the students in 3D geometry,” Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1811–1824, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1002/CAE.22424.

C. Serafin, “KITS IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDENT,” INTED2018 Proc., vol. 1, pp. 1756–1763, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.21125/INTED.2018.0305.

S. I. Shakeel, M. A. Al Mamun, and M. F. A. Haolader, “Instructional design with ADDIE and rapid prototyping for blended learning: validation and its acceptance in the context of TVET Bangladesh,” Educ. Inf. Technol., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 7601–7630, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S10639-022-11471-0/METRICS.

J. I. Oviawe, “Technical Education Lecturers’ Knowledge of Students’ Engagement in Application of Interactive Instructional Strategies,” J. Technol. Humanit., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.53797/JTHKKSS.V1I1.1.2020.

Suparman, R. Marasabessy, and Y. Helsa, “Enhancing Spatial Visualization in CABRI 3D-Assisted Geometry Learning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Int. J. Inf. Educ. Technol., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 248–259, 2024, doi: 10.18178/IJIET.2024.14.2.2046.

M. T. Thamae, “The teaching of Euclidean geometry: a universal design for learning approach,” University of the Free State, 2022. Accessed: May 12, 2025. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/11660/12600

M. Phutane et al., “Tactile Materials in Practice: Understanding the Experiences of Teachers of the Visually Impaired,” ACM Trans. Access. Comput., vol. 15, no. 3, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1145/3508364;CTYPE:STRING:JOURNAL.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v20i3.24313

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn)
p-ISSN: 2089-9823; e-ISSN: 2302-9277
Published by Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama (IPMU) in collaboration with the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES).

View EduLearn Stats